Europe braced on Wednesday for another day of a sweltering heatwave that has smashed records, left tens of thousands of people without power and sent air conditioner sales zooming in a continent unused and ill equipped to handle searing heat.
The extreme weather is being driven by atmospheric patterns that keep hot air trapped in place for days, with these factors worsened by global warming, said experts.
France’s national temperature indicator — an average of daytime and nighttime temperatures across 30 stations — reached 29.8℃ on Tuesday, the hottest since measurements began in 1947.
With four more French departments being put under the highest heat alert category Wednesday, around 44 million people are affected, according to AFP calculations.
Added to the 31 departments currently on orange alert, more than 90% of the French population is exposed to extreme heat, with temperatures of 39℃ to 41℃ expected on Wednesday from Brittany to the Paris region, and in much of the southwest.
The heatwave caused the country’s first major power outage of the latest bout of extreme weather, after a heat-related incident with a transformer left around 68,000 households on Wednesday without electricity in the northwestern Finistere department, the authorities said.
While teams worked through the night to fix the issue, which took place late Tuesday, power is not expected to be restored in full until the end of Wednesday at the earliest.
Up to 106,000 clients of the French power network were left without power by late on Tuesday, as the scorching temperatures strains infrastructure built for the days before man-driven climate change made heatwaves longer, more frequent and more intense, according to scientists.
Sales of fans and air conditioners skyrocketed in a country where most buildings are not designed to cope with extreme heat.
On Monday, hypermarket operator Carrefour had sold 30,000 units by 6:30pm — “a thousand times more than on a normal day”, CEO Alexandre Bompard said.
Sales on Amazon nearly doubled last week compared with the same period in 2025, while the electronics outlet Fnac Darty reported double-digit growth.
Thierry, an electrician in southwest France, said he was overwhelmed by requests for “emergency” air-conditioning installations.
“In theory, you have to submit a request to the owners’ association general meeting” in residential complexes, “but people don’t want to wait”.
“It’s difficult to live” alone and without air conditioning, said Martine Belloc, a 62-year-old retiree in Bordeaux, who on Tuesday went to La ManuCo, a coworking site that mobilised to welcome elderly people.
‘We’re suffocating’
John Beeler, a 45-year-old American engineer, said he and his wife were baking in the French capital.
“Visiting Paris in this heat is awful,” he told AFP, wearing a fisherman’s hat and holding a small fan.
“We’re suffocating in the streets, we’re suffocating in the subway and we’re even suffocating in our rental,” he said, adding that they would be moving to an air-conditioned hotel room.
Italy’s health ministry declared a red heatwave alert in 16 cities on Wednesday, including Milan and Rome.
The heatwave is expected to extend into eastern Europe in the coming days.
Poland’s weather service issued high-level heat warnings for the western part of the country from Thursday to Saturday, forecasting temperatures could break the record of 40.2℃ set in 1921.
Croatia’s popular Adriatic coast was also put under red alert for Friday and Saturday.
Hungary, already under a second-level heat alert, said it was raising that to the maximum level from Saturday to Tuesday as temperatures continued to rise.
The current heatwave is “significantly exacerbated by human-induced climate change”, without which the current temperatures would have been 2℃ to 4℃ cooler, according to a scientific study published this week.
But some relief could start to come from the west on Wednesday, when Spain’s national weather service said temperatures would drop in most of the country.
No quick relief
But no quick temperature drop is in sight across much of the rest of western Europe.
From Wednesday until at least Friday, the central and southern Netherlands will be under a code orange for extreme heat.
Anyone living in Amsterdam with a city pass may swim for free in six city outdoor pools, while national rail company NS will run fewer trains on a number of routes starting Wednesday.
In Britain, James Bowen, assistant general secretary at the National Association of Head Teachers, told AFP that “pretty much every school up and down the UK will be having to make some form of adaptation this week in light of the extreme heat.
“I think it’s fair to say that the school estate in the UK is not well prepared for this level of heat,” he said.
After some of France’s most visited sites, such as the Louvre museum and the Eiffel Tower, decided to limit visiting hours, the management of one of Belgium’s best-known monuments, the space-age Atomium in Brussels, said it would close earlier to visitors from Wednesday to Friday.
